Glossary & abbreviations

ABS

Australian Bureau of Statistics

ADP

Adenosine diphosphate

AMD

Age-related macular degeneration

Any significant alteration in the structure or function of the human organism or any impairment of a physiologically important function that could lead to a health effect that is adverse.

Adequate intake

ALA

Alpha-linolenic acid

AMDR

Acceptable macronutrient distribution range

ANZFA

Australia New Zealand Food Authority (now known as FSANZ)

ATBC

Alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention trial.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate

ATPO

(S)-2-amino-3-[5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isoxazolyl] propionic acid

AUS

Australia

Bioavailability

The accessibility of a nutrient to participate in metabolic and/or physiological processes including considerations of intestinal absorption

BMD

Bone mineral density

BMI

Body mass index; wt/ht2 (kg/m2)

BMR

Basal metabolic rate

Calcium

CARET

Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial.

CDHAC

Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care (now known as Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing)

CHD

Coronary heart disease

Confidence interval

CNS

Central nervous system

CoA

Coenzyme A

COMA

Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy

CSFII

Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals.

CSIRO

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

CSV

CSV (comma separated value) is a file format that stores tabular data for interchanging between computer systems. A CSV file has no formatting information. This allows it to be used as input to a wide variety of different programs but means it not suitable for printing.

Coefficient of variation

CVD

Cardiovascular disease

D-A-CH

D(Germany)- A (Austria) -CH (Switzerland)

DART

Diet and Reinfarction Trial

DASH

Dietary approaches to stop hypertension

DEER

Desirable estimated energy requirement

DFE

Dietary folate equivalents

DHA

22:6 docosahexaenoic fatty acid

DLW

doubly-labelled water

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DPA

22:5 docosapentaenoic fatty acid

DRI

Dietary reference intakes

DSIR

Department of Scientific and Industrial Research

EAR

Estimated average requirement

European Commission

EER

Estimated energy requirement

EERM

Estimated energy requirement for maintenance

EGRAC

Erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient

EPA

20:5 eicosapentaenoic fatty acid

European Union

grams

GISSI

Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico

FAO

Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations

FAD

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

Iron

FMN

Flavin mononucleotide

FNB:IOM

Food and Nutrition Board: Institute of Medicine

FSANZ

Food Standards Australia New Zealand

GPX

Selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidases

HDL

High density lipoprotein

HOPE

Heart outcomes prevention evaluation

IHD

Ischaemic heart disease

Intrinsic factor

IZiNCG

International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group

Kashin-Beck

Human cartilage disease found in low selenium intake areas in Asia

kilogram

kilojoule

Linoleic acid

LC(n-3)

Long chain (n-3)

LDL

Low density lipoprotein

LINZ

Life in New Zealand

LOAEL

Lowest observed adverse effect level

MCV

Mean cell volume

Magnesium

milligram

Mg-ATP

Magnesium-adenosine triphosphate

µg

microgram

Megajoule

MMA

Methylmalonic acid

Manganese

MOH

Ministry of Health

Molybdenum

MRFIT

Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial

MTHF

Methylenetetrahydrofolate

MTHFR

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase

Na/K

Sodium/potassium

NAD

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADP

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Nanograms

Niacin equivalents

NHMRC

National Health and Medical Research Council

NHANES

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Nickel

NNS

National Nutrition Survey (of Australia or New Zealand as indicated in the text)

NOAEL

No observed adverse effect level

NRV

Nutrient Reference Values

Not possible to set (due to insufficient evidence or no clear level for adverse effects).

NSP

Non-starch polysaccharide

NTD

Neural tube defect

New Zealand

Phosphorus

PAL

Physical activity level

PEM

Protein energy malnutrition

Serum phosphorus (inorganic phosphate)

PIVKA

Proteins induced by vitamin K absence

PLP

Pyridoxal phosphate

PMP

Pyridoxamine phosphate

Pyridoxine

PNP

Pyridoxine phosphate

Prothrombin time

PTH

Parathyroid hormone

PUFA

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

RDI

Recommended dietary intake

Retinol equivalents

RNA

Ribonucleic acid

Relative risk

Resistant starch

Standard deviation

SDT

Suggested dietary target

Thyroxine

a-TE

alpha-tocopherol equivalent

TEE

Total energy expenditure

TFA

Trans fatty acid

THF

Tetrahydrofolate

TNF

Tumour necrosis factor

TrxR

Thioredoxin reductases

Uncertainty factor

United Kingdom

Upper level of intake

United States of America

VLDL

Very low density lipoprotein

WHO

World Health Organization of the United Nations

Zinc